Children Rights Are Human Rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2346 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Child Abuse Essay Did you like this example? The United States has always prided itself in being a custodian and upholder of international human rights. As a super power, it has set the pace for recognition and protection of human rights by assenting to different legal international instruments and domesticating them. However, its spirit seems to falter when it comes to children rights and youth well-being (Rothschild, 2017. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Children Rights Are Human Rights" essay for you Create order Are children rights human rights? The United States attitude towards a legal instrument by the United Nation in respect of children aroused the desire to establish and demystify this scenario. This paper seeks to make an in-depth analysis of inter alia the rights of children, the most prevalent forms of child abuse, the legislations pertaining to children rights and how the courts have implemented these laws. Children are considered vulnerable beings deserving protection from the ugly claws of the world. Although most people consider child abuse in a narrow and constrained perspective of physical abuse, child abuse can manifest itself in any form be it physical, emotional or mental abuse (Ackner et al., 2013). The most prevalent form of child abuse is sexual abuse and it goes without saying that it could be without doubt the most reported and documented case scenario. Nevertheless, any form of child abuse should be reported to the authorities regardless of the perpetrator. There is need to cultivate a strong culture of child welfare not just as a fa? §ade but as real foundation informing the best interests of the children. Children rights The menace of child abuse has haunted the society for the longest time. This is so despite the various legal instruments which have been put in place to curb this menace. As a society, one cannot help but wonder about the resilience of these unpalatable incidents visited upon the young ones. Where something has a legal backing putting sanctions on its practice, there is usually an expected turn-around from such behaviour but when it comes to child abuse, this is not the case (United States: Events of 2016, 2017). There seems to exist a resilience and unquenchable thirst to abuse children rights. However, this might not be in the everyday record we peruse due to the fact that most cases tend to go unreported. Consequently, this wrongly depicts a united front to curb such behavior while the sad truth is that the society seems to be mark timing at the stage of baby steps when it comes to this fight. It is estimated that 24% of children become are abused in their first year of life. In 2015, approximately 1,670 children succumbed to child abuse while child protective care centers received a rough estimate of 700,000 cases of child abuse (Co, 2017). Whether it is the society which has failed to protect its most vulnerable or such failure is attributable to the legislative arm of the government, this is an uncalled for debate. There are in place numerous legislations in regard to children rights. These instruments range from those with international status bestowed upon them to domestic legislations which are specific to the United States jurisdiction. It therefore comes as a surprise that such volatile culture towards children seems to thrive amid such measures being in place (United States: Events of 2016, 2017). It is imperative to note that this is a positive indicator of the systems failure to adequately protect the children. In order to address this issue conclusively, there is need to depart from the traditional view of whether there is in place sufficient laws to curb the menace. A new perspective of interrogating the root cause of the failure by the existing laws should be adopted for one to aptly decipher the persistent menace of child abuse. The rights of children must be protected by all means and at all cost whether by the state or the society. Any blame game attributed to failure to undertake the necessary measures is an unacceptable culture. It is important to note that the duty of the government does not end at legislating the respective laws in this sphere. It is called upon to take all measures necessary to see to it that the particular legal instruments are given a breath of life (Co, 2017). This can be achieved by ensuring that there are practical and achievable measures in place to aid in implementing these. For example, it is prudent for the government to not only enact a certain legislature but also ensure public participation before such enactment can be done. It can positively be argued that public participation creates legal awareness and emancipation which may most likely reduce the current trend of child atrocities. Enacted laws on Child abuse Despite its unwillingness to ratify one of the prominent the United Nations convention on children rights, some people argue that the United States commitment to the protection of children rights is unshakable. Some may question this commitment intensely and conclude the government somehow maybe deemed as a perpetrator itself. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that there are quite some reasonably good laws which have been enacted to curb this menace. One of the most celebrated is The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) law which was enacted in 1974 and reauthorized in 2010. This is the largest legislative body which encapsulates in an elaborative manner the rights of children. Among the recognized rights include the right to ethical, legal and fair treatment of children. It further enshrines their right to be free from any form of abuse be it sexual emotional, psychological or physical. In addition there is in place a mandatory reporting law. This law mandates all persons who work closely with children to prudently report any suspicious dealings involving a child. This law tries to harmonize all perpetrators whether they are the victims family or a total stranger. Although the spirit of this law is state specific, it can be deemed as a stepping stone towards alleviating the vice of child abuse. The two conspicuous laws in this sphere coupled with a myriad of state specific laws to some extent ensure children rights are protected within the United States jurisdiction. For a state of its stature, it is evident that the variance in applicable laws in matters pertaining to children rights is not a picture perfect scenario. The failing court system Having successfully established the existence of legal instruments, it is important to analyze the mode of implementing the written laws. Laws do not exist in a vacuum, they exist in a society and the society has forever been known for its resistance to change. Take for example a scenario in which the legislature enacts a law which makes corporal punishment for children illegal. Present the scenario in a societal setting which has carried out this practice for long. Obviously, the expected outcome is some form of resistance from the society. With the law in place and the prevailing resistance, the court must step in and either implements the law as is or interpret it to determine its legality. An effective court system is a sure way of ensuring the operability of any legal instrument. When the legislative arm of government enacts laws, there should be some form of certainty as to its implementation and most especially where the legal instrument is sound. In cases where the courts are not keen to reinforce the legislatures efforts, it can be said that the whole system has failed (Co, 2017). That notwithstanding, seeing as the court is a big part of the government, most times the blame falls squarely on the government. Although courts are meant to promote justice, one can positively say that at times it becomes hard to further this mission and objective. The evident legal divide is a common feature in the court rooms (Brico, 2018). As per s research by the American Psychological Association the likelihood of abusive fathers succeeding in custody cases is way higher than that of the abused mother (Brico, 2018). The resultant effect of such glaring injustice exposes the child to a lifetime of not only anguish and emotional torture but also a violent unhealthy environment. This ultimately affects the childs right to grow up in a conducive environment. Protracted court battles can in their own form be an abuse especially where the children victims are forced to constantly interact with their perpetrators in the court rooms in pursuit of justice. Despite the well-known fact of the role the state should play when it comes to rights of citizens and more so those in the margin of vulnerability, the 1989 landmark decision in DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services came as a surprise to many. The honourable judge in that matter opined that it was never the mandate of the government to protect abused children and any other citizens in cases where it is not an active participant of the harm (Co, 2017). This is a perfect example of the few cases in which the court has purported to mislead the government when it comes to children rights. It is the supreme duty of the state to intervene and protect its citizens irrespective of the perpetrator. Similarly, some courts have always viewed child witness differently and are not as eager to admit their testimony. The evidence is often scrutinized jealously before admission. This depicts a system that is still struggling under the influence of the infamous Crawford v. Washington case. This case set a precedent which requires thorough scrutiny of evidence before the same can be admitted (Harmon, 2014). This means that if presented with a case scenario in which the only witness to the abuse is a child and unfortunately the threshold is not met, the likelihood of the perpetrator walking scot-free is high. Instead of adamantly applying the scrutiny rule, the courts should adopt a more flexible means of analyzing child evidence. Aptly put, it will be in line and the spirit of the doctrine of presumed competence for every witness. The issue of children delinquents is another pressing issue which has bedeviled the court system. While the primary role of the courts should be reinforcing the governments efforts to protect those deemed as vulnerable in the society, the court system seems to derail the government endeavors. While a child witness testimony is regarded too vulnerable to be directly admitted as evidence, the courts have sometimes found themselves on the receiving end for failing to adequately protect child criminals. There are claims that some children have often been tried in adult courts and even placed together with older criminals (Children Rights, 2014). This is an outright abuse of the children rights although manifested in an advanced degree. Recommendations Child care protection centers play a vital role when it comes to protecting children rights. However, the disparity in ascertaining what can be reported and what cannot meet the threshold for their action seems to be an impediment in their work. This is largely attributable to the fact that each state has a mandate to promulgate the applicable threshold within its jurisdiction. Given the sensitivity of the matter, the courts should step in and advocate for harmonization of the laws in respect of child abuse. This will go far in ensuring a common objective in the fight against child abuse. While it is the duty of law enforcers like courts to protect the children, the courts cannot effectively undertake this task on their own. The courts largely depend on reports by the care providers to come to conclusions on matters pertaining child abuse. Although the United States court system does not allow the court officers to be actively involved in the investigations there needs to be a different approach. As soon as a case of such nature is reported and brought to the attention of the court, the court can take it upon itself to constitute an ad hoc committee to look into the matter. This will more likely than not provide the court with some inside information and insight into the matter which may subsequently vest on it a better perspective. Efforts to effectively address child abuse and neglect must be properly informed by a thorough understanding of the complexity and integration of culture and social stratification. While deciding on the best interest of the child, the courts must be alive to the prevailing and ever increasing heterogeneity of families units in the United States. The courts should also take it upon themselves to carry out emancipation campaigns on the applicable laws to this issue. Where the society is fully equipped with the laws and their applicability in this sector, the legal backing may ultimately result into a reduction in child abuse cases due to the imposed sanctions. As earlier pointed out, child abuse prevention and counter mechanism involve a multiplicity of agents working together to achieve the core objective. However, most of the agents have stringent measures which the victims have to undergo before finally getting their justice. The system would be more effective where the various agencies get streamlined and harmonized to ensure the victims are not subjected to further anguish in their endeavor to secure justice. Another contributing factor to this menace is the societys outright display and disregard for research touching on children rights. There is little investment both economically and education wise when it comes to such researches. Either the society is ignorantly satisfied with the little information it has or it simply is disinterested in the matter. For example, there are parents who are not aware that corporal punishment can no longer be meted out to the children. They deem state interference as an unnecessary party whose objective is to promote any bad behavior exhibited by their children. A perfect illustration of this phenomenon is the rising figure of parents accused of maltreating their children. Conclusion The glaring inter-agency dependence when it comes to the protection of the rights of a child could be both a blessing and a nightmare at the same time. While other departments may actively take part in this fight, the ultimate safeguard lies with the court system. It is therefore incumbent upon the courts to ensure that a childs best interest prevails at all material times.

Literature Review On The United States - 1780 Words

Literature Review Education in the United States is important because every student has the right to an education. However, many students are not capable of fulfilling the school standards and meeting the requirements because English is not their first language, which is causing them to work twice as hard compared to students whose first language is English. Schools throughout the United States have been increasing in students that are from different ethnic backgrounds. From all of the ethnic groups in the United States, the Hispanic community is growing the fastest and more Hispanic students are being seen at schools. According to Pereira and Gentry (2013), â€Å"the increase in the Hispanic population in U.S. schools is a phenomenon that†¦show more content†¦410). However, the NCES did not provide newly year statistics. The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) released their data and statistics that compares Hispanic ELLs to non-ELLs and according to their information Hispanic ELLs are reading at a basic level or below basic level (Tong, Irby, Lara-Alecio, Koch, 2014, p. 410). De La Cruz (2008), mentioned that students in grade second or third will start to realize and feel a disconnection between their education because they are not understanding the material (34). Once a student feels like that, self-blame and discouragement will interfere with their learning. With that being said, many Hispanic students start to get frustrated with their education that many of them will drop out of school. The NCES from the year of 2000 stated that, â€Å"Hispanics between the ages of 16 and 24 years old drop out of school† (DaSilva Iddings, Katz, 2007, p. 299-300). The NAEP also mentions that Hispanic ELLs have the most trouble in the subjects of reading and mathematics. Many Hispanic ELLs have the most trouble in reading and mathematics because words and numbers can have a different meaning and/or symbolic interpretation. Focusing on re ading, Quirk and Beem (2012), stated that Hispanic ELLs have the most trouble in decoding, vocabulary, and comprehension (540). Teachers and other professionals have also noticed that many Hispanic ELLs are able to decode a word, but have lowShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review : The United States Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesChassidy Barnhardt Professor Redmond SOC 320 Section 1 September 29, 2016 Literature Review Literature Review The United States has quite a storied history in terms of discrimination towards women in the workplace. Such discrimination only increases when the events of childbirth are taken into account. When women give birth, they often opt to stay lengthy amounts of time with the members of the family as opposed to remaining in the workplace for the duration of their maternity leave. 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Bacteriophages Vs Antibiotics Free Essays

string(57) " striking evidence of the effectiveness of these agents\." Bacteriophages are actually viruses highly specialized to attack bacterial cells while doing no harm to animal cells. When a phage discovers a bacterium to which it possesses the correct key—that is, suitable receptors on the bacterial cell to which the phage can attach its tentacle-like extensions—then the phage will inject its hereditary DNA into the bacteria cell. Taking over the bacterial cell’s biochemical apparatus, the phage produces hundreds of phage copies, rupturing the cell. We will write a custom essay sample on Bacteriophages Vs Antibiotics or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the victim cell dies, the released phage copies attack any remaining bacterial cells like a pack of hungry wolves (Reidel). Advantages The advantages of the therapy are obvious. Bacteriophages are very specific parasites and, unlike antibiotics, do not damage the useful bacteria that live in and on the body. Phages are â€Å"intelligent† medicine: They increase just where they are needed, while antibiotics often do not get to where they are needed. Once all phage-susceptible bacteria have been killed, phages are eliminated from the body. The most apparent benefit of phage therapy is that although bacteria are able to develop resistance to phages the resistance is much easier to overcome. The reason behind this is that phages replicate and undergo natural selection and have probably been infecting bacteria since the beginning of life on this planet. Although bacteria evolve at a fast rate, so too will phages. Bacteria are most likely to modify the molecule that the phage targets, which is usually a bacterial receptor. In response to this modification phages will evolve in such a way that counteracts this change, thus allowing them to continue targeting bacteria and causing cell lysis. As a consequence phage therapy is likely to be devoid of the problems similar to antibiotic resistance. Increasing evidence shows the ability of phages to travel to a required site — including the brain, where the blood brain barrier can be crossed — and multiply in the presence of an appropriate bacterial host, to combat problems such as meningitis. However the patient’s immune system can, in some cases mount an immune response to the phage (2 out of 44 patients in a Polish trial (Carson)). Development and production is faster than antibiotics, on condition that the required recognition molecules are known. Disadvantages According to Reidel, the phages’ high specificity, with which they look for their bacterial victims, is at the same time also their therapeutic Achilles’ heel. Therefore, either a cocktail containing many different types of phages must be developed by the infection control specialist, or a phage effective against the specific pathogen of each patient must be custom-made through detailed microbiological analytical work. Western regulatory authorities tend to loathe recognizing such manually manufactured anti-infective agents as medicines, which explains why currently phage therapy is routinely only available at phage therapy centers in Georgia (part of former Russia), Europe and Poland. However, the Wound Care Center in Lubbock, Texas, has started to treat patients. For chronic infections due to multi-resistant pathogens, phage therapy could become a kind of miracle medicine. Wikipedia condends that Bacteriophage therapy is generally very safe; however fevers can occur with phage treatment. This is thought to be caused by endotoxins released by the bacteria within the patient after they have been lysed by the phage (Herxheimer Reaction), of course this can happen with antibiotics also. Additionally care has to be performed in manufacture that the phage medium isn’t contaminated with bacterial fragments and endotoxins from the production process. It is beneficial if testing on animals is performed to ensure safety. Lysogenic bacteriophages are also thought to be risky, and are now seldom used therapeutically. These viruses can act as a way for bacteria to exchange DNA, and this can help spread antibiotic resistance or even, theoretically, can make the bacteria pathogenic. To work, the virus has to reach the site of the bacteria, and unlike antibiotics, viruses do not necessarily reach the same places that bacteria can reach. Finally, some non therapeutic (lysogenic) phages transfer genes between bacteria that code for pathogenicity, notable in cholera. This makes it important to identify the phages being used to show that they are not harmful ones. What are ANTIBIOTICS? An antibiotic, according to Wikipedia, is a drug that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria. They have no effect against viruses or fungal infections. Antibiotics are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. They are relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. The term, coined by Selman Waksman, originally described only those formulations derived from living organisms, in contrast to â€Å"chemotherapeutic agents†, which are purely synthetic. Nowadays the term â€Å"antibiotic† is also applied to synthetic antimicrobials, such as the sulfa drugs. Antibiotics are generally small molecules with a molecular weight less than 2000 Da. They are not enzymes. Some antibiotics have been derived from mold, for example the penicillin class. Volume 4 of How Products Are Made says that antibiotics differ chemically so it is understandable that they also differ in the types of infections they cure and the ways in which they cure them. Certain antibiotics destroy bacteria by affecting the structure of their cells. This can occur in one of two ways. First, the antibiotic can weaken the cell walls of the infectious bacteria, which causes them to burst. Second, antibiotics can cause the contents of the bacterial cells to leak out by damaging the cell membranes. One other way in which antibiotics function is to interfere with the bacteria’s metabolism. Some antibiotics such as tetracycline and erythromycin interfere with protein synthesis. Antibiotics like rifampicin inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis. Still other antibiotics, such as sulfonamide or trimethoprim have a general blocking effect on cell metabolism. Advantages It is estimated that the average duration of many infectious diseases and the severity of certain others have decreased significantly since the introduction of antibiotic therapy. The dramatic drop in mortality rates for such dreaded diseases as meningitis, tuberculosis, and septicemia offers striking evidence of the effectiveness of these agents. You read "Bacteriophages Vs Antibiotics" in category "Papers" Bacterial pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, typhoid fever, and certain sexually transmitted diseases are also amenable to treatment with antibiotics. So are infections that often follow viral or neoplastic diseases, even though the original illness may not respond to antibiotic therapy. Antibiotics in small amounts are widely used as feed supplements to stimulate growth of livestock and poultry. They probably act by inhibiting organisms responsible for low-grade infections and by reducing intestinal epithelial inflammation. In cattle, sheep, and swine, antibiotics are effective against economically important diseases. The use of antibiotics in dogs and cats closely resembles their use in human medical practice. In fish farms, antibiotics are usually added to the food or applied to the fish by bathing. The incidence of infections in fish, and animals in general, may be reduced by the use of disease-resistant stock, better hygiene, and better diet. Although effective against many microorganisms causing disease in plants, antibiotics are not widely used to control crop and plant diseases. Some of the limiting factors are instability of the antibiotic under field conditions, the possibility of harmful residues, and expense. Nevertheless, antibiotic control of some crop pathogens is being practiced, as is true of the rice blast in Japan, for example (Science and Tech). Disadvantages Some individuals may have allergic reactions to antibiotics. If symptoms of an allergic reaction (such as rash, shortness of breath, swelling of the face and neck), severe diarrhea, or abdominal cramping occur, the antibiotic should be stopped and the individual should seek medical advice. Because antibiotics can affect bacteria that are beneficial, as well as those that are harmful, women may become susceptible to infections by fungi when taking antibiotics. Vaginal itching or discharge may be symptoms of such infections. All patients may develop oral fungal infections of the mouth, indicated by white plaques in the mouth. Injected antibiotics may result in irritation, pain, tenderness, or swelling in the vein used for injection. It is a common assertion that some antibiotics can interfere with the efficiency of birth control pills. Although there remain few known cases of complication, the majority of antibiotics do not interfere with contraception, despite widespread misinformation to the contrary (Gale). And there’s also what is known as Antibiotic Resistance. Wikipedia says that Antibiotic Resistance is the ability of a micro-organism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance evolves naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered for the purpose of creating bio-weapons. SOS response of low-fidelity polymerases can also cause mutation via a process known as programmed evolution. Once such a gene is generated, bacteria can then transfer the genetic information in a horizontal fashion (between individuals) by plasmid exchange. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multiresistant or, informally, a superbug. Antibiotic resistance can also be introduced artificially into a micro-organism through transformation protocols. This can be a useful way of implanting artificial genes into the micro-organism. Phages Vs Antibiotics (A Summary) Bacteriophages are great because: †¢ Bacteria evolve at a fast rate, but so do phages. This makes Bacteriophages devoid of problems similar to antibiotic resistance. †¢ Bacteriophages are very specific parasites and, unlike antibiotics, do not damage the useful bacteria that live in and on the body. Phages are â€Å"intelligent† medicine: They increase just where they are needed, while antibiotics often do not get to where they are needed. †¢ Development and production is faster than antibiotics. †¢ The recovery rate was discovered to be faster in some cases—a tribute to the speed with which the phage multiplied and overcame its host bacteria. †¢ Incidents of misuse are relatively unknown. Antibiotics are great because: †¢ The use of antibiotics on domesticated animals, closely resemble its use in human medicine thus greatly benefiting them. †¢ Phages work best when in direct contact with the infection, so they are best applied directly to an open wound. This is rarely applicable in the current clinical setting where infections occur systemically. †¢ Unlike Phages, which are hardly ever used for therapeutic reasons, antibiotics reduce the incidence of both suppurative and non-suppurative complications of sore throat. A new study from Holland has confirmed that antibiotics protect against quinsy. †¢ Lysogenic bacteriophages are thought to be risky. These viruses can act as a way for bacteria to exchange DNA, and this can help spread antibiotic resistance or even, theoretically, can make the bacteria pathogenic. To work, the virus has to reach the site of the bacteria, and unlike antibiotics, viruses do not necessarily reach the same places that bacteria can reach. †¢ Antibiotics are more readily available because phages have high specifity and require detailed microbiological analytical work. Conclusion The research is still ongoing. Though the odds are in favor of Bacteriophages becoming more common, there have been no large clinical trials to test their efficacy. This therapy today essentially exists only in some Eastern European countries, including Georgia and Poland. But largely because of the growing concern over antibiotic resistance, a lot more people in the medical field are interested in pursuing bacteriophages as an alternative to antibiotics on a large scale. W O R K S C I T E D 1. Reidel, William. â€Å"Book Review: Viruses vs. Superbugs: A Solution to the Antibiotics Crisis? † Epoch Times. (6 May, 2006). 14 April, 2007. http://en. epochtimes. com/news/6-5-6/41280. html 2. Carson, Christine, and Thomas Riley. â€Å"Non-Antibiotic Therapies for Infectious Diseases. † Communicable Diseases Intelligence Supplement on Antimicrobial Resistance 27 (2003): pages not given 3. â€Å"Phage therapy. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 4 Apr 2007, 00:38 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 14 Apr 2007 http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Phage_therapyoldid=120112914. 4. â€Å"Antibiotic. † How Products Are Made. 2006. 14 April 2007 http://www. madehow. com/Volume-4/Antibiotic. html 5. Science and Technology Encyclopedia. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007 6. Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer. Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005 7. â€Å"Antibiotic Resistance. † Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2007. Answers. com 14 Apr. 2007. http://www. answers. com/topic/antibiotic-resistance How to cite Bacteriophages Vs Antibiotics, Papers

Culture Contribute to Managing Globalisation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Culture Contribute to Managing Globalisation. Answer: Introduction The post-bureaucratic organisation is a hybrid form of organisation that provides more emphasis on intrinsic difficulties that are associated in the refurbishment of complex organisations (Clegg et al. 2015). In the previous time of the post-industrial revolution, new technologies, key industries and machines were introduced into the organisation. That time, the definition of organisations can be defined as people, knowledge, technology and objects. The organisations are shaped by its actions its take and hierarchy structure was the systematic arrangement of command and control. The responsibilities of the employees are defined by the responsibilities, roles and actions that could unfold the future actions. In this essay, managing culture within the organisation at post-bureaucratic era will be discussed with instances from the practices. Furthermore, the thesis statement of the essay is to take the standpoint that culture can influence the organisational work in the post-bureaucrati c era. In the first part of the essay, managing culture in the workplace in post-bureaucratic organisational structure will be explained. In the following part, a different perspective of culture within the workplace will be discussed. In the next part of the essay, the industrial and organisational psychology of the employees in building ethical culture will be discussed in light of corruption and labour law. Above all, in this essay, the corporate culture in the post-bureaucratic ear is the main focus. As stated by Jones and George (2015), Max Weber describes bureaucracy in observing the Prussian army and industrialisation that can describe ideal organisations in light of rational-legal bureaucracy. Moreover, bureaucracy is an organisational form that creates hierarchy of differentiated knowledge in which disciplines must be managed not in a hierarchical manner but in a parallel manner. In the design of the organisation, the organisation must be operated in the system of responsibilities and decision making. On the other side, according to Barker (2013), bureaucratic approaches to management have always ignored the culture of the organisation. In Max Weber bureaucratic approach was supported in scientific management by Taylor in which it is mentioned that organisation in previous time did not provide explicit focus on maintaining a culture of the organisation. During the bureaucratic ear, it was noticed that organisational management mainly focused on utilitarian monoculture that m ainly focuses on increasing productivity. In bureaucratic era, it was ensured that productivity of employees must follow employees' compliance that led to the profitability of the organisation (Barak 2016). Before, post bureaucracy era, it was seen that humans made contributions to create components with large machines through maintaining rules, efficiency and optimisation. In this era, information got silos, inefficiency was there in organisational structure and cumbersome chains of command were obvious. In post-bureaucratic economy, organisations can toy with the creative structure as hybrid structure, temporary workforce, flat organisational structure, gig economy and freelancers. In the recent development of post-bureaucratic era, the organisations mainly focus on culture within the workplace as, after globalisation, the culture of the organisations drastically changed. As opined by Rice (2015), bureaucratic era started the concept of power position' and in the post-bureaucratic era, this concept changed to participative leadership'. From bureaucratic to post-bureaucratic, there has been undeniable organisational alteration taken place seemingly in traditional controlling, particularly in managing organisational culture. In a post-bureaucratic era, management is focusing mainly on beliefs, values and norms of an organisation that are related to the organisational culture (Kirton and Greene 2015). In this era, more contemporary methods and dominative practices have been made that c an differ the approaches of the organisations. Different organisations focus on different values with different aspects that make up organisational culture. In recent time, most of the large organisations comprise employees from various backgrounds with multi-ethnic groups. Managing this diverse cultural person needs communication and it can attract strong cultures, hold people that provide rewards the employees to achieve goals. After globalisation, cultural competency refers the ability to interact people who come from different backgrounds (Innocent et al. 2017). In some of the firms, power is vested in a few people who take the decisions. Organisations can follow teamwork, target and solve the issues through task culture. In case, employees feel that they are more important in the workplace, then, person culture is followed in the organisation. Lastly, role culture is related to the employees are delegated responsibilities and roles according to the specialisation (Sturdy et al. 2016). Knowledge, beliefs and values of equality in the workplace are needed to all that can provide skills to the employees to require component in working on cultural competence. In the age of modern period, most of the private and public organisations adopt different operations that can be guided by the philosophy of the organisations. In managing ethical culture, the success of the organisation is solely responsible for maintaining team-culture. The team-centred approach is helpful for the organisation in maintaining an ethical culture. The team leaders must have knowledge in recognising benefits of informal and individual empowerment (Dischner 2015). Empowerment is popular topic and in this word, most of the management and consultants have focused. The main aim of the empowerment of the employees is the self-management and employee productivity. There is a concept that employee behaviour can assist an organisation to achieve the objectives of the organisation. In the post-bureaucratic structure of the organisation, ethical culture is followed and most of the large organisations are unequivocal about this ethical culture. However, as opined by Nistoskaya an d Cingolani (2015), non-management concept defines empowerment as the notion of oppression and powerlessness. In addition, corporate culture is somehow the shared beliefs of the managers about managing workplace and culture within the workplace. Ethical culture concept is about tone at the top that means ethical leadership in the organisation (Moran et al. 2014). Creating ethical environment is not easy and leaders can create standard behaviour that must be part of the code of ethics. In this regard, managers or leaders in post-bureaucratic era influence the employees to respond mainly to ethical challenges. After globalisation, leadership concept is judged as ethical leader and leaders are perceived as trustworthy and staffs' trust can be increased through this. Moreover, in order to improve the ethical culture within the workplace, it is needed to establish clear policies with the code of ethics. According to Igo (2016), in the post-bureaucratic era, top levels staffs need to over see the compliance ethical policies within organisations. In addition, some of the large organisations engage ethics training programmes in order to instil ethical act of the employees. Post-bureaucratic era changed the concept of human resource management. In this era, focus mainly put into women in the workplace and another is employment in abroad. Moreover, HRM practices in globalisation, working age and issues for disabled people in working have brought significant changes in the workplace. Human resource management has significant power in order to bring the change and manage the culture of the workplace in this competitive age. However, it is needed that in the time of globalisation, the structure of the organisation has been shifting in changes and HRM practices want to make organisation as evolving and fluid dynamic network. (Heck and Mercoulides 2013) supported this by saying managing corporate culture in post-bureaucratic time has become popular and IRS Employment Trends in the year 2000 proved that many of the large and middle scale organisations went to international cultural change. It was seen during the post-bureaucratic era, personal influence; trust in employee relationship and importance of individuality grew rapidly. In the post-bureaucratic era, view of the job has changed dramatically as this era has introduced mix-full-time, freelancing, casual employees and contract basis work. HRM practices. Meaningful discussion is needed in strategic planning by the management of the organisation in order to get the industry knowledge and strategic orientation in globalisation period. HR function has been going through changes after restructuring the organisation. The developing strategies of the HRM have been focussed mainly in corporate culture. Human resources should not be treated discriminatory and organisational change must bring technological supremacy. Organisational leaders must impact on culture and leaders can find out strengths and weaknesses of the culture. Corporate culture has the relationship with performance management as it can articulate the expectation of the employees and it is related to the feedback mechanism (M oran et al. 2014). Pay system, reward and compensation can motivate employees and motivated human resources can impact on corporate culture in striving for betterment. Conclusion The post-bureaucratic era has led to the vast change in human resource practices and brought the acceleration in work process through technology. In the workplace, the significant changes have come in a culture of work. In post-bureaucratic time, an influence of organisational culture is two-folds, directly through the principles of the organisation and indirectly, behaviour of the employees. In a previous time, a strict work time was there for the employees and the hierarchical structure was followed by the management. However, in recent time, flexible working hours, work from home culture and gig economy has altered the scenario. In social conscious literature, organisational culture can impact on the delivering the services and products. The subsystem of organisation mission brings the culture and managing culture is important since the setting of values of the organisation. In today's organisations, there are four components in managing culture; the first one is about awareness o f the different people that work within the workplace. Attitude to cultural biases should be controlled and organisations can provide training or courses to people to change attitude towards multiethnic people. Corporate values set the sense of organisational ethics and it is related to the competitiveness of the organisation. 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